Financial Markets & institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets & institutions - Assignment Example (LurÊ ¹e 15) Example; 100.00 Euros are provided by a company for a period of one year at rate of 3 per cent. At the end of the year it expects to receive 1030.00 Euros. However, the bank supposes 10 per cent rate inflation in the next year it will want 1133.00 Euros. The interest rate expected by the bank will sum up to 13.3 per cent. Treasury Bill (T-Bill) are simple market securities issued by the government. T-Bills are short-term securities used by the government to collect money from the public. In purchasing of T-Bills, the holder will pay a price that is less than the face or par value of it. (Kawai 16) T-Bills mature after three months, half a year or after a year of issuance. The government will then pay the holder the full face value. T-Bill provides guarantee and safety returns because it has full back and faith of the government. Investors lending money to the government get their money back with interest. Limited access is one of the drawbacks of T-Bills. Investors who need to withdraw their money before the maturity dates are reached have to pay a penalty. T-Bills have little returns because of lees maturity period mostly not more than one-year thus low amount of interest. (Kawai 21) The banks or credit unions issue certificates of deposit (CDs) to holders who have deposited funds to the bank. CDs limit the holders from withdrawing the funds when in need of cash until a set period of time elapses. When one has to withdraw fund from the bank a penalty is incurred. CDs are secured form of investments and they offer high amount of returns. CDs are not prone to risk, pensions and instability. Disadvantages of certificate of Deposits are that they require a high amount of initial capital than that for saving account. Investors obtain little returns from CDs thus a drawback. Companies create corporate bonds by giving debts with the aim of raising capital. Bond provide fixed amount of income and

Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay

Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay It is the combination of Information Technology and people using it to carry out operations and management. In a large sense it is frequently used with in people to process data and technology. It is also refer to Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is used in organization, where people work with this to support business processes. There is a clear different between information system, ICT and business process. IT is completely different from information system, information system consist of ICT component. Information system helps to control the performance of business process. Information system is a special type of work system, which produces products or services for customer, where human and machines perform work using ICT and resources. Information system purpose is to process information. Information system is a system which represents data and process as a form of social memory. Information system supports human decision making and action. What is the role of Information Systems in todays competitive business environment on Strategic, Operational and Tactical level? Strategic Level: IS (Information system) supports business processes and operations: IS helps managers to execute their daily activities and functions properly, for example, in bank, creation of accounts, statement generation etc take place; and IS helps managers control such activities with greater accuracy and in a timely manner with the help of software. IS supports decision making for managers and employees: IS takes data as input and then processes it to generate information; simply defined as Input Æ’Â ¨ Process Æ’Â ¨ Information. This information is used by the managers for the improvement of their organizations, for example, existing historical data about customers in bank can be analyzed by IS and important information can be generated like bad customers and good customers, etc. This information can be used by managers while deciding whether to approve loan for new customers or not IS supports in making strategic decision for competitive advantage: By analyzing data collected from different sources, IS can provide valuable information such as which items to launch in which location; so that the company can have advantage over their competitors using this information. IS can also help business houses; in carrying out their business processes differently than their competitors. Operational Level: IS promises Operational excellence: In order to achieve higher profitability, businesses improve their operations efficiency. Managers make use of IS in business operations to achieve higher levels of productivity and efficiency. An excellent example is the use of the RetailLink system at Wal-Mart; this system digitally links every one of the Wal-Marts stores with its suppliers; the supplier is monitoring the items and as soon as an item is purchased, the supplier knows that a replacement must be shipped to the shelf. IS helps create new products, business models and services: In firms, Information system is a crucial tool in creating new services and products and new business models. Business models describe how the companies produce, deliver and sells a product or service to be successful. An example is Apple Inc; it transformed an old business model which was based on its iPod technology platform that included iPod, iPhone and the iTunes music service. IS helps monitor increase Supplier/Customer intimacy: When a customer is served well by a business, he usually responds by returning and purchasing more from the business; this raises the profits and revenues of the business. The more the business engages its suppliers, the better the suppliers are able to provide vital inputs; which in turn lowers costs. An example is the high-end hotel, Manhattans The Mandarin Oriental and other such high-end hotels; they illustrate the use of IS and technology to achieve better customer intimacy. They track guests preferences using computers, such as their preferred television programs, check-in times and room temperatures. Tactical Level: IS helps making better decisions: Many managers operate in an information bank and they never have the relevant information at the right moment to make a learned decision; poor outcomes like these loose customers and raise costs. Managers can use real time data while making decisions; IS allow managers to use real-time data from the marketplace while making decisions. An example is the Verizon Corporation, which uses a Web-based digital dashboard that gives managers accurate real-time information on customer complains and network performances. By using this information, managers can rapidly inform customers of the repair work, assign repair resources to the involved areas, and restore service promptly. Competitive advantage: When the firms achieve the business objectives, for example, customer intimacy, operational excellence, improved decision making, new services, products and business models, than it is most like that they have achieved a competitive advantage already. Accomplishing these things finer than their objects, responding to suppliers and customers in real time, charging less for premium products all add up to higher sales and profits. An example is the Toyota Production System which mainly focuses on organizing work to make continuous improvements, eliminating waste; Toyota Production System is based on what the customers actually ordered. How are Information Systems transforming the functional areas of organizations? Computers are used for almost any task. We check email with it, watch media, bank and more. Information is the life of organization, damaged or lost data can cause financial loss, law suits, etc. Information system contains hardware, software, data, applications, communication and people. It helps an organization to manage and secure its critical corporate, customer and employee data. Information system improves work process and gives lot of other benefits. An example is the Transaction Processing System (TPS) which is used in one functional area of a business; it process routine transactions more accurately and efficiently. TPS has many sub-species which are directly linked to their respective functional areas, for example, there is Finance and Accounting Systems for the functional areas of accounts and finance, Human Resource System for the Human Resource area, etc. Information System is different form other system because its purpose is to monitor and document the operations of other systems, we can also call it target system. For example, production activities would be the target system for a production scheduling information system, human resources would be the target system of a human resource information system. Every reactive system has a sub system called Information system, whose purpose is to monitor and control system. Task 2 There are many, many types of Information systems, but the most common ones are these: Transaction Processing System (TPS); Decision Support System (DSS); Management Information System (MIS); Office Automation System (OAS); Executive Information System (EIS) and Data Warehouses (DW). Transaction Processing System (TPS): TPS is a basic business system and it handles the tracking and processing of transactions. A transaction is simply an event which is of interest to the organization, for example, a railway booking system in which Booking, Cancellation, etc are all transactions; or a sale at a store. TPS is very useful and has many functions and it Serves the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organization. Is very often crucial to the survival of the organization Usually has high volumes of output and input Needs to be fault-tolerant Supports the operational level of the business Supplies data for higher-level management decisions Can have strategic consequences, for example, airline reservation system Deals with well-structured processes. A Transaction processing system has many sub-species, some of which are: Sales and Marketing Systems: These are systems that support the sales and marketing functions by easing the movement of services and goods from producers to customers. For example, a Stores sale system would automatically record and total purchase transactions and print out a packing list; this would improve customer service and maintain customer data. Manufacturing and Production systems: These systems supply data to operate, control and monitor the production processes, such as shipping, receiving, purchasing, scheduling, engineering, resource management, quality control, etc. For example, a system in factory that measures samples of products and gets information from that; then statistically analyses the samples and shows when the operators should take corrective action. Human Resource System: These systems deal with performance evaluation, compensation, placement, career development and recruitment of the firms employees. Examples of HRS include training and skills, applicant tracking, personnel record keeping, positions, benefits. Finance Accounting System: These systems maintain records which concern the flow of funds in the firm and they also produce financial statements, such as income statements and balance sheets. E.g for General Ledger; Budgeting, Billing: Cost Accounting, Accounts Payable/ Receivable; Funds management systems, payroll. These systems were among the earliest to be computerized. Examples of Financial systems are loan management, cash management, securities trading and check processing. Management Information Systems (MIS): They assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. MIS usually takes data from the transaction processing system and summarizes it into a series of management reports which are to be used by the middle management and operational supervisors. MIS is a set of information processing functions and queries should be handled by it as quickly as they arrive. Database is an important element of MIS. MIS simply provides managers with feedback on daily operations; it also provides information and support for effective decision making. An example of MIS is an annual budgeting system. Decision Support System (DSS): DSS provides information, models or analysis tools to the senior managers and strategic management staff to help them make decisions. DSS are used for support of unstructured decisions and they are for analytical work mainly, for example, creating of what-if models using spreadsheets databases. An example job for a Decision Support System would be a 6 year operating plan. Office Automation Systems (OAS): They are used to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data information for reducing paper warfare. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves the productivity of employees working in an office or system that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move. OAS software tools are often integrated and are designed for easy operations (for example, a graph from a spreadsheet can be imported in the Word Processor). Executive Information System (EIS): Also known as Executive Support System (ESS) and it provides information to the executives in a readily accessible, interactive format. EIS (or ESS) usually allow summary of the entire organization and also allows drilling down to specific levels of detail. EIS also use data which is produced by ground level Transaction Processing System so the executives can gain an overview of the entire organization. EIS require extensive staff to operate and are very expensive to run and are used by top level (strategic) management. Data Warehouses System: A Data Warehouse is a place where data is stored analysis, security and archival purposes. A data warehouse is usually either a single computer or a giant computer system formed by tying many computers together. Besides storing large amount of data, they must also possess the systems in place that would make it easy to access the data and use in day-to-day operations. It is also sometimes referred to be a major role player in DSS, or Decision Support System. How you identify the major support systems, and relate them to managerial functions? Support systems are Office Automation, Decisions Support Systems, Management Information system and TPS. Management Information system (MIS) generally takes the data from TPS (Transaction processing system) and summarizes it into a series of management reports, which are used by operational supervisors and also by the middle management. Decision-Support Systems are designed to help management make decisions, when there is uncertainty about the possible outcome. DSS gather relevant information with the help of tools and techniques and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often create what-if models with the use of databases and spreadsheets. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) helps business create and share information. This helps employees who creates and shares knowledge and expertise, which is shared in organization to create further commercial opportunities. KMS allows efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For example knowledge might be in word documents, spreadsheets, power point or internet etc, to share KMS would use collaboration system like intranet. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) process routine transaction accurately and efficiently; and businesses may have many TPS, for example Invoices are sent to customers using the Billing systems Systems that calculate monthly and weekly payroll and tax payments Calculations of raw materials using Production and purchasing systems Using Stock control systems to process of all movement within the businesses Office Automation Systems (OAP) improves the productivity of the employees that process data information. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves productivity of employees that work in an office or system that enable employees to work on the move or from home. Task 3 Describe the tools and techniques provided by the Information Systems department and its relationship with end-users to solve the specific problems? The Information system department provides many different tools and techniques to solve problems and the main ones are: Data Warehouses: Their main purpose is to establish a data storehouse that makes operational data accessible in a form which is readily acceptable for analytical processing activities like Decision Support or EIS. Data Warehouses have many different characteristics such as Organization (data are organized), Time Variant (data kept for 5-10 years so it can be used for forecasting and comparisons), Non-Volatility (data are not updated once it has been entered in the warehouse), Consistency (data are coded in a consistent manner) and Client/Server (the data warehouse provides the end user an easy access to the data by using the clients/servers). How it solves problems: The Data in the warehouses is organized for less confusion; The Data is stored for a long time, allows for forecasts and comparisons; Takes raw data and codes it in a consistent matter for easy analysis Provides the end user an easy access to its data The data warehouse uses a relational structure The data are located in one place, allows data to be reached quickly Web browsers can be used to allow end users to reach data easily Data Mining: the process of analyzing data from different views and then summarizing it into useful information. Such information could be used to cut costs, raise revenue or both. For years, companies have used very powerful computers to sift through large volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market research reports. Data Mining is currently being used in areas like Retailing and Sales, Banking, Insurance, Airlines, Health Care, Computer Software Hardware, etc. How it solves problems: Data mining automates the process of discovering predictive information in very large databases; Data mining tools identify previous hidden patterns in just one step Can operate on unprocessed or even unstructured information. Text Web Mining: Text mining is the application of data mining to less structured text files. Web Mining are mining tools which can be used to analyze large amounts of data on the Web (like what customers are doing on the Internet). How it solves problems: Groups documents by common themes, making them easier to locate sort Finds the hidden content of documents and also additional useful relationships Geographic Information System (GIS): this is a computer-based system which is used for capturing, checking, storing, manipulating, integrating and displaying data using digitalized maps. How it solves problems: Every digital object or record has an identified geographical location Branch performances can be monitored, analyzed and compared Volume and traffic patterns of business activities can be monitored Geographical area served by each Bank branch can be observed, to plan if new banks are needed or not. Data Visualization: This is the presentation of data by technologies like digital images, graphical user interface, 3-d presentations and animations, geographical information systems, virtual reality, multidimensional graphs tables. How it solves problems: Presents many different kinds of data into a common, understandable way for better more accurate analysis; reduces errors too. On-Line Analytic Processing: this is the technology that allows users of multidimensional databases to generate on-line comparative summaries of data and other analytical enquiries; OLAP can also be integrated into corporate databases systems. How it solves problems: OLAP facilities allow managers and analysts to monitor the performance of the business or market. The end-results of OLAP technologies can be very simple (frequency tables, etc) to make the data much easier to understand and analyze. How the Executives may use any alternative data/ information processing techniques to support the decision making This is a crucial step in making an effective decision. The more good options that you consider, the more inclusive your final decision will be. You force yourself to reach deeper and you look at problems via different angles, when you generate alternatives. By using the mindset there must be other solutions out there, you have more chance to make the best possible decision. If you havent got other reasonable alternatives, then theres not much of a decision to make! Below is a summary of some of the important techniques and tools to help teams develop good alternatives. Generating Ideas Brainstorming is possibly the most well known method for generating ideas. Reverse Brainstorming works in the same manner. But, it works by asking people to brainstorm of how to achieve the opposite result from the one required, and then simply reversing those actions. The Charette Procedure is a systematic process and it gathers and develops ideas from many stakeholders. Crawford Slip Writing Technique generates ideas from a large number of people. This method is extremely effective and ensures that ideas from everyone are heard and weighed equally irrespective of the persons power in the organization. Explore the Alternatives You need to evaluate the risks and implications of each choice once you are completely satisfied that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives. Risk Theres almost always some degree of uncertainty in decision making process that may lead to risks, inevitably. You can determine if the risk is manageable of not simply by evaluating the risks involved with the options. Risk Analysis allows you to look at risks impartially. It assess threats and evaluates the probability of events taking place using a structured approach their management costs. Implications You can consider the potential consequences of each of your options Six Thinking Hats, after viewing the alternatives from 6 different perspectives, you can assess the consequences of a decision. Impact Analysis, useful technique for brainstorming the unexpected outcomes that could mount from a decision. Choose the Best Alternative After assessing the different alternatives, the following step is choosing between them. The choice could be very obvious, but if it is not, then the tools below will help: Grid Analysis (or decision matrix), is a very useful tool for this type of evaluation. It helps bring different factors in the process of decision making in a reliable way, therefore this tool is invaluable. Paired Comparison Analysis help decide the importance of differing factors and helps you compare factors that are unlike and decide which ones should influence your decision the most. Decision Trees are useful in deciding between options. These bring the probability of project failure/success in the decision making process and help you lay out the various options available to you. Task 4 Information systems are made out of components that can be assembled in many different con ¬Ã‚ gurations resulting in a variety of information systems and applications, much as construction materials can be assembled to build different homes. The size and cost of a home depend on the purpose of the building, the availability of money, and constraints such as ecological and environmental legal requirements. Just as there are many different types of houses, so there are many different types of information systems. We classify houses as single-family homes, apartments, townhouses, and cottages. Similarly, it is useful to classify information systems into groups that share similar characteristics. A classi ¬Ã‚ cation such as this may help in identifying systems, analyzing them, planning new Information Systems Con ¬Ã‚ gurations Organizations are made up of components such as divisions, departments, and work units, organized in hierarchical levels. For example, most organizations have functional departments, such as production and accounting, which report to plant management, which report to a division head. The divisions report to the corporate headquarters. Although some organizations have restructured themselves in innovative ways, such as those based on cross-functional teams, today the vast majority of organizations still have a traditional hierarchical structure. Thus, we can  ¬Ã‚ nd information systems built for headquarters, for divisions, for the functional departments, for operating units, and even for individual employees. Such systems can stand alone, but usually they are interconnected. Typical information systems that follow the organizational structure are functional (departmental), enterprise-wide, and inter-organizational. These systems are organized in a hierarchy in which each higher-le vel system consists of several (even many) systems from the level below it. A departmental system supports the functional areas in each company. At a higher level, the enterprise-wide system supports the entire company, and inter-organizational systems connect different companies. The major functional information systems are organized around the traditional departments- Finance IS Finance IS Accounting IS Accounting IS Human Resources Human Resources Corporate a System Electronic Market Electronic Market Corporate B System Marketing IS Marketing IS Production IS Production IS Administrative IS Administrative IS Corporate C System

The Failure of Technology in White Noise by Don Delillo Essay -- White

The Failure of Technology in White Noise by Don Delillo One particularly unfortunate trait of modern society is our futile attempt to use technology to immunize ourselves against the fear of death. The failure of technology in this regard is the general subject of Don Delillo''s book White Noise. Throughout this novel, technology is depicted as the ominous messenger of our common fate, an increasing sense of dread over loss of control of our lives and the approach of inevitable death in spite of the empty promises of technology. In this essay I will examine Delillo''s portrayal of technology and its role in our society. The title of Delillo''s book, White Noise, reminds one of an electronic static of the sort encountered on television when a station goes off the air. But I think white noise can also refer to the indiscriminate flow of information we are exposed to on a daily basis in our modern society, that which ultimately destroys the immediacy of real life. If you see enough people gunned down on television, enough mangled bodies in twisted cars, enough violence, destruction and despair in the newspapers, you grow numb to it. In one sense, I think this is what White Noise is. Have you seen those devices they sell for insomniacs? They are white noise generators intended to put us to sleep. White noise is sound at all frequencies broadcast indiscriminately, and that is what Delillo hints that television and the modern media are doing to us now. The indiscriminate flood of information is not making our society more aware; rather, it is putting us all to sleep. White Noise is a book obsessed with death at the hands of our own technology. The protagonist is a middle aged man who is the chairman of a department of Hitle... ...e novel where the products on the supermarket shelves are quietly rearranged, throwing a sense of shock and panic into the shoppers (i.e. the masses) until they can adjust to the new system. After surviving the initial traumatic change, we see the shoppers quickly resume their mindless lives on the road to death, comfortably numb and smugly secure. This is a sad indictment of what life in this twentieth century is for our media and technology-manipulated American society. Delillo''s analysis implies, then, that safety can only be found in conformity and a dead life dictated by others. Furthermore, life is only really experienced at its fullest in the random moments when the "white noise" breaks down and becomes silent momentarily, only to quickly arise and embrace us once again in its death grip. Works Cited: DeLillo, Don. White Noise. London: Picador, 1986.

Energy Efficient And Environmentally Friendly Buildings Environmental Sciences Essay

The undermentioned study is a critical in-depth analysis of Green or Sustainable design. Green architecture is an attack to edifice that reduces harmful effects on the environment and to human wellness. The green interior decorator attempts to continue the natural home ground of Earth by utilizing Earth friendly edifice stuffs and building techniques. There are many factors considered by interior decorators when planing â€Å" green † . The study chiefly focuses on how green design can populate alongside or even replaces current lodging building patterns and the advantages it offers the residents and interior decorators likewise. The capable affair discussed in the study is good known and has been discussed/designed the universe over. Any edifice whether a house or an office could be designed in a manner to protect indoor infinite from external elements, premier illustration being the conditions. In order to accomplish this purpose, different elements such as sophisticated warming, air conditioning systems, airing and appropriate stuffs can be employed. In this manner, immense sums of energy is conserved on a day-to-day footing. Savingss such as these non merely have fiscal benefits to the consumer, but besides to the environment with less harmful emanations being produced than normal energy ingestion. The study is broken down into chapters and will discourse the undermentioned points in item: Introduction on what is Green design and why the demand for alteration History of green design and how it has been used throughout clip, concentrating on stuffs used in the yesteryear and the green motion today Principles of Green design and methodological analysiss incorporated. Examples of Green design. Concentrating on three separate physiques such as ; Refurbished Apartment Block, A house and a Commercial physique. How green design can hold a positive consequence on energy efficient and environmentally friendly edifices. How Designing and making productsA with new advanced thoughts will understate environmental taint, cut down the usage of energy and present the usage of alternate energy. What changes to traditional patterns are being made to accomplish Government marks with illustrations of successful current green edifice undertakings. The alterations required for the hereafter and inquire the inquiry if it is possible for all future edifices to be green. Decision, summarizing the points discussed in the study. Introduction The undermentioned chapter introduces green design and includes definitions on what is meant by green or sustainable design. The chapter besides discusses why the demand to travel ‘green ‘ and the Government marks and demand set by the United Nations. In 1983, the United Nations set up the World Commission on Environment and Development ( Bruntland Commission ) . Then in 1987, the committee published ‘Our Common Future ‘ , which defined sustainable ( green ) development as: Meeting the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ( MacKenzie, 1991, p10 ) . Sustainability or green design is defined by the Design Council as, ‘delivering the best ( societal, environmental, economic ) public presentation for the least ( societal, environmental, economic ) cost. ‘ In order for a interior decorator to achieve sustainability a holistic attack must be adhered to which trades with the scope of demands indicated by the undermentioned three pillars of sustainable development: Social duty Environmental protection Economic development The place edifice industry started utilizing the phrase green edifices in the late eightiess ( besides referred to as sustainable design ) turning a niche motion of resource efficient places into a quiet revolution, which has easy become an ideal or preferable manner to construct. Basically, Green sustainable edifice design is a bit-by-bit place edifice procedure to understate the negative affects on the environment and which is besides resource efficient. The Green attack is a realistic reply to a assortment of issues that affect all of us in modern twenty-four hours life i.e. altering conditions forms, increasing energy monetary values and weakening H2O resources. Harmonizing to the UK Green edifice Council, which was launched in February 2007, edifices are responsible for about 40 % of our entire C footmark, which contributes to raw material use and waste production. So, you can reason that edifices have a immense impact on the environment. ( UK Green Building Council, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Harmonizing to the Salford University Energy @ the University web site, UK family emanations increased by 40 % between 1990 and 2005 and 44 % of all UKs ‘ CO2 emanations came from domestic electricity ingestion and personal travel. ( University Of Salford, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Unite this with the decrease in natural resources and increase in fuel monetary values, impacting the general population and there is no uncertainty that the UK is making a terrible crisis. ( Wicks, M.Woolas, P, 2008, [ online ] ) Ecological and environmental facets such as conditions, clime alteration and pollution are on the intelligence everyday. The demand for eco-friendly merchandises and lodging is increasing. Furthermore, turning consciousness of the possible impacts of clime alteration is impacting how companies operate and the merchandises they offer, both making new markets and decreasing or destructing bing 1s. Robert and Brenda Vale in their book Green Architecture. Design for a Sustainable Future defines green design as: aˆÂ ¦green attack to the built environment involves a holistic attack to the design of edifices ; that all the resources that go into a edifice, be they stuffs, fuels or the part of the users need to be considered if a sustainable architecture is to be producedaˆÂ ¦ ( Vale, R.Vale, B,1991, p5 ) Harmonizing to the Vales 66 % of entire UK energy use is accounted for by edifices and edifice building and services. This figure suggests that edifice and edifice building are one of the most of import users of energy and resources. In order to undertake issues such as ozone depletion, natural resource wastage, toxic emanations, the edifice design and building services will hold to reexamine all edifice stuffs production, building and transit methods. Insulating places or utilizing low energy visible radiation bulbs will non do much of a difference and cardinal alterations are required. ( Vale, R.Vale, B, 1991, p5 )Chapter 1: Past & A ; PresentThe undermentioned chapter discusses how green design has been used in the yesteryear and the different phases or tendencies it has been through up until the present. The chapter besides discusses some of the enterprises available from the Government to assist people travel green.1.1 HistoryGreen design may sound like a comparatively new const ruct, but the Anasazi Indians in the U.S. built the first green places 1000s of old ages ago every bit early as 700 A.D. Eric Freed writes in book Green Building and Remodeling for Dummies that few of their green place designs included inactive solar warming and chilling airing systems. They were so in front of their clip that they besides found a method for rainwater aggregation for irrigation all of which made usage of natural, non-toxic stuffs such as wood, clay and rock. Although these ancient green design thoughts are advanced and good in front of their clip, it would nevertheless be impossible to utilize them in modern edifice programs but the green places do serve good as an inspiration to builders and designers who are interested in be aftering and planing eco-friendly green places and communities. Natural, recycled, non-conventional and non-toxic edifice stuffs can be merely every bit successful in footings of run intoing the criterion needs of a edifice while besides furthering sustainability and cut downing wellness jeopardies on its residents. Constructing design has been through a figure of phases throughout history. The first being the increasing sturdiness and length of service of the stuffs used. Early edifice stuffs were delicate, such as foliages, subdivisions, and carnal fells. Soon after, more lasting natural stuffs such as rock, lumber and clay were used. Then eventually, man-made stuffs such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastic were being incorporated. Another tendency was the demand for larger edifices with considerable tallness, which was achieved by building stronger stuffs and by cognizing of how these stuffs interacted with one another to acquire the most out of them. Another tendency was to command the inside of the edifices such as the environmental facets like air temperature, visible radiation and sound degrees etc, factors that affect human comfort. Finally traveling towards the usage of powerful machinery alternatively of worlds in the edifice building procedure and how by utilizing these methods wo uld cut down energy.1.2 Past DecadesBy 1980, the green edifice motion was merely get downing to be organised but because energy monetary values were low, people did non see the demand to salvage and hence really small advancement was made. The motion was get downing but was still a long manner from the thoughts formed in earlier decennaries. ( The doctrine of sustainable design, p29 ) . Advocates for sustainable design faced extra barriers and Green design thoughts were difficult to come by. Green stuffs were more expensive and difficult to happen. Peoples did non hold sufficient cognition and because there was non a demand for Green, errors were being made. These blends of factors were non formulas for rapid growing and hence Green was no longer seen as the in-thing. ( The doctrine of sustainable design, p30 ) .1.3 The twenty-first centuryThe 21st century is where green or sustainable design truly lifted off and peculiarly this decennary will expected to be known as the decennary that green design became chief watercourse. Peoples are gaining that edifice in green consequences in healthier better edifices that are more cost-efficient in the terminal and sometimes cheaper in the short tally every bit good. The design of edifices has changed throughout the old ages but the intent of edifices has remained changeless. Building or places provide safety, heat and shelter. Recently, comfort degree demands by residents of edifices and places have significantly increased. The demand for greater comfort degrees in edifices have led interior decorators to pretermit green stuffs and alternatively choose for mass produced stuffs and incorporating energy supply distributed from a centralized power beginning which has increased the human habitation. Architects and builders now recognise the demand for more sustainable and energy efficient edifices. Building Regulations are altering rapidly and the Government has proposed alterations to Building Regulations and hold stated that edifices constructed between 2008 and 2016 will hold to utilize renewable energy and do usage of sustainable merchandises and stuffs. The purpose of these ordinances is to cut down the environmental impact from both populating in edifices and the existent edifice procedure whilst increasing comfort degree for residents.1.4 PresentIn an attempt to take down the UK ‘ C footmark, the Government, late launched a strategy called the Low Carbon Building ‘s Programme through its Department for Trade and Industry ( DTI ) web site. The Government introduced this enterprise to run into national and International demands to cut down pollution, therefore cut downing the effects of clime alteration. The programme has been set up to offer homeowners and community group ‘s grants to put in merchandises that derive energy from renewable beginnings and hence cut down the use of power efficaciously within their places. The available grants are helpful to homeowners who would wish to travel green because these merchandises are in early phases of mass use and be given to be rather expensive. ( Department of energy and clime alteration, 2010, [ online ] ) The Carbon Trust, a non-profit Independent Company set up by the Government that works with concerns to cut down emanations has launched an enterprise called the Low-Carbon Building Accelerator ( LCBA ) . The undertaking of the LCBA is to seek to rush the acceptance of enterprises such as grant in order to finish undertakings in a low-carbon and cost effectual mode for commercial edifices and their renovation. ( Carbon Trust, 2011, [ online ] ) As we can see from the above the UK Government have started the ball peal and are making their spot to acquire people to travel green and get down utilizing sustainable design methods. However, what are these methods and will these methods be incorporated in mass building processes? In order to reply this inquiry, foremost we need to look at the rules of Green design and how these have been used so far.Chapter 2: Green Design PrinciplesThe undermentioned chapter discusses the many rules of Green design and although there are many definitions for green or sustainable design the following from the Building Services Research and Information Association ( BSRIA ) sums it up absolutely: ..The creative activity and responsible direction of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological rules†¦ ( Sustainable Architecture, 2002, [ online ] ) The above definition combines energy efficiency with the impact of stuffs on residents. BSRIA categorise Green principles as the followers: Enhancing the natural environment Understating non-renewable resource use Understating the usage of toxins With consuming natural resources and the ever-increasing cost of energy, utilizing green edifice schemes is going more of import. A well-designed green edifice should concentrate on how it uses energy and the systems that installed to cut down energy ingestion as good the usage of environmentally friendly stuffs. There are many rules of Green architecture and design, which are considered when traveling green. Sustainable or Green designed, built and managed edifice, are reduces the negative impact on the environment. There are legion manner of constructing a house, offices or schools, but the finest physiques should include the undermentioned: Energy Efficiency Solar Panels Water Efficiency Heating and Cooling Systems Insulation Airtight and Ventilation Building Materials Local Recycled Materials Indoor Air Technology Zero or Minimal Waste User Management The Location2.1 Energy EfficiencyIn order to cut down the public-service corporation cost without the demand to considerably cut down use, energy-efficient merchandises should be incorporated into the design. Energy salvaging merchandises, such as LED bulbs, possibly cost a little more to purchase than the mean incandescent bulb, but they are energy efficient and have a longer lifespan.. Harmonizing to the BBC energy salvaging bulbs requires 70 % less energy than standard visible radiation bulbs. Using an energy salvaging bulb would cut down mean one-year energy use from 700kwh to 150kwh, which is a immense decrease of 550khw. The tabular array below ( figure 1 ) show comparing between normal and energy salvaging light bulbs.Comparison of incandescent, CFL ‘s and LED bulbsFig 1: ( Comparison of incandescent, CFL ‘s and LED bulbs, [ n.d ] . [ on-line ] ) Low Energy ingestion is a cardinal component of green constructing design. Making usage of energy beginnings like solar, air current is going progressively of import. Heating, air conditioning and airing are normally a edifice ‘s biggest energy costs, so basic patterns like chairing summer and winter thermoregulator scenes makes a large difference. Besides integrating efficient contraptions like those with Energy Star enfranchisement can travel a long manner and organize the ideal. Windows besides play a really of import function when planing green edifices. High quality, ternary glazed insulating Windowss are every bit every bit of import as window arrangement. Correctly placed Windowss allow plentifulness of daytime and heat during the winter months which reduces visible radiation and heat use, therefore salvaging on measures.2.2 Solar PanelsBuildings can utilize solar panels in order to cut their C footmark. To cut down energy costs the Sun ‘s angle and its waies in different times of the twelvemonth are taken into consideration.Successful inactive solar design is the procedure of warming and chilling a edifice of course with no trust on mechanical systems. The regional location, form, edifice landscape, orientation, insularity and window size are of import factors to see when inactive solar systems are used to heat and chill a edifice. ( Energy Saving Trust, 2011, [ online ] ) In order to maximize utilizing the Sun ‘s heat at place, a south-facing way is advantageous. To accomplish this end stuffs and elements such as a tiled floor, internal heat shops and a brick chimney can be fitted, which is exposed to direct sunshine during the twenty-four hours. Windows if possible should be built and placed confronting South in order to allow the Sun inside the house in the winter because in summer, the Sun passes overhead at midday and its way in the southern sky is on lower place in winter. ( Solar Trading Post LLC [ Online ] ) . Another method to forestall heat loss is to hold an over hanged roof. In ice chest countries, the north side of the house can be built into a hillside to cut down more heat loss. In warmer parts, the incline need non be as steep. ( McRae, 1999-2010, [ online ] )2.3 Water EfficiencyIt is of import that H2O efficient merchandises do non hold a negative impact on consumer life styles. Different types of merchandises are available on the market which consume less H2O and do non give design. With the demand for H2O efficient devices built into planning ordinances, interior decorators can find a edifice ‘s H2O efficiency demands. There are plentifulness of merchandises available on the market that have been tried and tested and are of good quality and design every bit good as being H2O efficient. Integrating water-saving plumbing fixtures and suiting, such as low-flow lights-outs, lavatories and spigots, will besides do considerable nest eggs in H2O use. ( Water Efficient Buildings, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] ) Around 30 % of the entire H2O use in places is from utilizing a lavatory flower. Water-efficient dual-flush lavatories use merely four liters of H2O with decreased flushing and six liters for a full flower comparison this to the traditional individual flower lavatory which can utilize up to 13 liters. ( Waterwise,2011, [ online ] ) As discussed above there are many H2O salvaging devices and adjustments available on the market like flow restrictor flow sinks and showers but others are still being introduced, like the reuse of non-septic H2O from sinks and showers to blush lavatories and irrigate landscapes known as Grey H2O use. Some green edifice designs besides use rainwater, roll uping it and hive awaying which is so used to supply potable H2O or aid cool the edifice. ( G, J.Burnes, J,2009, [ online ] ) Other methods to cut down H2O usage include the design execution of plumbing or warming and chilling systems.2.4 Heating Storage and Cooling systemsMore frequently than non, the ground for edifices non being more energy efficient is that the warming and chilling system are usually designed individually from the edifice procedure. If the warming or chilling system is non thought of in the design procedure so these are by and large bought as external merchandises. Using technological warming and chilling contraptions can be really expensive. ( Thomas, 2005, p39 ) When planing a house, the clime should be considered for energy-efficient places. The clime of the site will assist to make up one's mind whether the demand should be more focussed on heat or chilling. This will find what types of warming and chilling systems are most good. ( McRae, 1999-2010, [ online ] ) Majority of people build their houses in order to utilize less energy so some might non put in a proper warming system believing they will non necessitate it. However, the house will non be comfy without any warming system. Solar panels can supply heat but they can non heat the H2O and hot H2O is indispensable so alternatively of a full warming system, interior decorators can integrate a little warming unit onto a airing system. ( Brinkley, 2007, [ Online ] ) A2.5 InsulationMistakes in edifice design and building will let heat and cold to come in the house. The solution to decide this affair is by sealing the place ‘s thermic envelope, which separates the living country of the place from the outside infinite. Insulation can supply the undermentioned benefits: Prevent blowing energy in places. Saves money and energy resources Additions comfort degrees by keeping a consistent temperature inside the house, Walls, floors and ceilings are unbroken heater in the winter and ice chest in the summer. The entire sum of energy consumed or saved will depend on assorted elements such: Regional clime, size and construction of the house Heating and chilling systems efficiency ; Energy ingestion by residents. Proper insularity can salvage edifices money and energy efficient edifices will be even more of import as public-service corporation measures addition. ( Desjarlais, 2008, [ online ] ) The outer bed of a edifice is made up of different stuffs, which may hive away, absorb or is heat opposition. Considerable sum of heat loss is through the roof ; therefore the roof of a edifice requires proper insularity. Wide scope of insulating stuffs are available on the market for houses and homeowners can use for Government grants of up to 100 % of the cost of insularity. ( Internet Marketing Kent Ltd,2010, [ Online ] )2.6 Airtight and VentilationIn every measure of the design procedure, the airtight job should be good thought-out which can hold a great consequence on the measure of air escape. The interior decorator should place the right place of the air-tight barrier in early phases of design and should be clearly thought of in the edifice programs. The air-tight barrier is a changeless line around the edifice that divides heated and unwarmed infinites. It is paramount that the builders understand the importance of air-tight barrier and besides how it is to be incorporated and keep its unity. ( Choice Domains Ltd, 2010, [ Online ] ) Mechanical airing systems are indispensable because green edifices typically have really low degrees of air escape, so the lone manner to acquire rid of stale air is to put in a good airing system. Unfortunately, a immense figure of mechanical airing systems are designed or installed in bad conditions. ( Holladay, 2010, [ online ] )2.7 Building MaterialsaˆÂ ¦A edifice signifier is of import from an energy point of position. If possible, a edifice should be solid, with a low surface country to volume ratio, because the edifice ‘s surface is the primary factor through for heat loss. ( Making causes, 2010, [ online ] ) A truly good stuff to utilize when traveling green is Aluminium. There are many advantages in utilizing aluminum such as ; it can be used many times and is non-toxic, cut down noise, stronger, lasting and anti-corrosive. Using stuff for walls which absorbs heat is an of import factor when traveling Green. There are several methods to cut down or forestall heat loss through walls. One method is to utilize Ceramic wall tiling which can replace wallpaper. These tiles look clean and come in many colorss and designs. Another method is Wall Cavity Insulation, which is the procedure of make fulling the air infinite between the two beds of brick with permeable stuff. Government grants are available for house proprietors who wish to put in pit wall insularity. Last, a Biological filter infected armored combat vehicle made from fiberglass which is designed in a manner which does non foul environment, equipped with bactericidal system, anti-leak, lasting, easy to put in, and does n't necessitate particular intervention. There are many edifice stuffs which can cut down pollution, non hold a negative impact on the environment and which should be considered when planing and building in a sustainable procedure.2.8 Local Recycled MaterialsMaterial use is really of import when it comes to planing a green edifice but the interior decorator should besides see where the stuff comes from. Locally sourced stuffs use less energy in transit and assist the local economic system. Recycled stuffs lessen the demands to utilize new stuffs, extinguish waste and usage less energy. It is as though every twenty-four hours, some advanced, new sustainable edifice stuff for green edifices comes on-line. For illustration, recycled or reclaimable stuffs from older edifice which are to be demolished or local stuffs such as crushed rock, and rock, that can be gathered from constructing sites. These recycled stuffs besides have the added benefit of incorporating small or no toxic substances and are derived from sustainable beginnings.2.9 Indoor AirHarmonizing to the EPA ( Environmental Protection Agency ) indoor air can be up to 100 times more contaminated than out-of-door air. Indoor air quality plays an of import function in people ‘s wellness. Reducing pollution and indoor air quality betterment is overriding, particularly in edifices that are to a great extent populated, such as offices and houses. ( UK Indoor Air Quility, 2010, [ online ] ) Volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) from some adhesives, man-made cloths and pigment are a well-documented wellness jeopardy. Using HVAC and not Volatile Organic Compound ( VOC ) stuff decreases the odor of new stuffs and are less harmful to human wellness. ( Buchdahl, 2002-2004, [ online ] )2.1o TechnologyThe Governments ‘ program to do all new places carbon free by 2016 can be achieved by utilizing Technology. We live in a technological epoch with day-to-day promotion in this field. ( BBC News, 2006, [ online ] ) A important part of Britain ‘s energy end product is used on power, heat and illuming for places. In order to cut down this use and to run into Governments mark of C free places, the interior decorators have to do usage of cutting-edge engineering. An interesting article in the Telegraph newspaper about the latest green engineering says interior decorators should utilize engineering, which fits the state of affairs they are covering with and should be assessed on an single undertaking footing, or else they will neglect on the three of import demands of cutting C emanations, cost decrease and client satisfaction. ( Eccleston,2008, [ online ] ) . There are many different types of engineering available today to interior decorators. Harmonizing to the NHBC ( National Housing Building Council ) there are 11 different types of engineering which interior decorators can take advantage of such as solar systems, fuel cells, renewable heat power systems and little graduated table hydroelectric engineerings. These peculiar engineerings are designed with cost-efficiency and C salvaging benefits in head with factors like geographical location, consumer nest eggs and Government be aftering ordinance taken into consideration.2.11 Zero or minimum WasteDoes Green edifice ever have to be new edifices? No-some green edifices are non new at all. In fact, they are older edifices that have been modified for reuse and have incorporated green thoughts. Adaptive edifice reuse, like turning an old warehouse into lodging, is merely one illustration of how smart design can cut down the waste flow from building, every bit good as the waste generated dur ing edifice tenancy.2.12 User Management and MaintenanceSo we have a latest all green edifice that does non impact the environment like traditional houses but that would intend nil if the residents did non pattern sustainable life. What would be the point of life in a ‘green ‘ house if the users for illustration did non exchange of the visible radiations when non in usage to salvage energy or did non recycle their waste? Populating in a Green edifice requires a lifestyle alteration and on-going engagement in sustainable life from residents.2.13 The LocationThe pick of location consideration of reuse or rehabilitation of bing edifice is overriding when planing in a sustainable procedure. The undermentioned points should be considered by interior decorators before get downing building: The edifice should non be constructed in sensitive home grounds like wetlands or old growing woods. Many new green edifices are wittingly built over past contaminated industrial sites. Buildings should be designed and constructed near coach and train Stationss, which should promote public conveyance use. Buildings should be designed with space-efficiency in head. Physiques with less infinite and smaller auto Parkss are likely to be more energy-efficient. Ideally landscaping should integrate non-invasive native workss, which can bring forth nutrient. Site design whether it is a new edifice or a renovation of an bing edifice should work together with sustainable design to finish a successful undertaking. ( WBDG Sustainable Committee, 2010, [ online ] )Chapter 3: Examples of Green Buildings in UKThe undermentioned chapter provides illustrations of green edifices in the UK. There are many illustrations to take from but the writer has highlighted some of the most recent undertakings.3.1 Apartment Block DevelopmentBelow is ( Fig. 2 ) is a significant low-energy lodging strategy developed by a company called Citu, who turned an empty 1930s art-deco construction in to a multi-award winning low C sustainable development called the Greenhouse.Fig 2. ( Greenhouse, Leeds, 2010, [ online ] )The Greenhouse in Leeds is a radical green development undertaking, which incorporates the latest pioneering environmental sustainable methods that are like no other in the UK. The refurbished edifice is designed as a multi-use infinite which includes fla ts for occupants and office infinite for companies. The edifice incorporates many different types of functionality and uses the latest engineering to cut C emanations and do it energy efficient and economical. The edifice has an energy public presentation certification A evaluation, which is achieved utilizing the undermentioned methods: High degrees of insularity for the air-tight barrier. Solar panels and air current turbines installed on the roof Land beginning heat pump. Building direction system which transports air from hot countries to where warming is required. Heat recovered in the summer is besides used for H2O warming The edifice besides incorporates the following green design rules which are discussed in inside informations below.3.1.1 Water EfficientGrey H2O is recycled from sinks, showers and lavatories and Rainwater is harvested from roof patios which is filtered so reused to rinse apparels and flush lavatories. These methods together with H2O efficient contraptions would cut down H2O use 80 liters per individual per twenty-four hours compared to 148 liters of mean use. In add-on to this, the flow restricted lights-outs and shower caputs are fitted throughout the edifice as standard together with double flush lavatories decrease H2O use without compromising public presentation.3.1.2 Natural Material Reuse and RecyclingKitchen worktops are made from sustainable Bamboo which matures in 7 old ages, and the remnant or cut out worktops recycled and used as sink screens and can besides be used as chopping boards. Locally sourced 100 % wool is used for the rugs which are fitted above the recycled carpet pad. To salvage clip and cost for off-site waste sorting, skips for different types of stuffs were placed on site, which would recycle about 85 % of waste accumulated each month. Every level it fitted with recycling installations and incorporate bins are provided for dividing reclaimable and non-recyclable waste.3.1.3 TechnologyTechnology is used widely within the edifice to expose the edifices overall energy use. Energy efficient LED proctors are fitted in the response country to expose entire energy ingestion of the edifice and to promote occupants to work as a community to diminish the entire energy use. ( Lane, 2010, [ online ] ) Besides another great advanced sustainable characteristic is that recycled and non-recycled waste is calculated and displayed on resident Television screens so residents can see how much they have recycled and what they need to make to increase recycling. Equally good as supervising their waste on Televisions occupants can besides supervise their electricity use and maintain an oculus on their H2O use. Daily, hebdomadal and monthly energy and H2O ingestion is displayed on screen in Kilowatts and Litres every bit good as how much it is bing them. The purpose of this information is to seek and cut down energy use and do occupants cognizant of their day-to-day activities. Energy salvaging visible radiations which use LED bulbs were installed to cut down energy use and hence lessening public-service corporation measures.3.1.4 Health LivingApartments are fitted with floor to ceiling Windowss which are designed in order to utilize maximal possible daylight.A The edifice besides counteracts the job of prohibitionist or stale air from air conditioning systems by utilizing good airing system to invariably go around fresh air throughout the edifice. The edifice is besides kitted out with an on-site gym equipped with different types of equipment tailored for all types of workouts.A The advantage of holding an on-site gym is that it encourages interaction between occupants and office workers, and therefore helps develop a stronger community. Another great characteristic of the edifice is the on-site coffeehouse which sells newly baked staff of life and sandwiches every bit good as fresh java which of class ethically sourced. The cafe besides sells locally produced healthy organic food.A Residents and office workers can bask their ethically sourced nutrient in the shared courtyard which once more encourages is designed to convey the together.3.2 Green Housing DevelopmentFig 3. ( Threshold Centre, Dorset, 2010, [ online ] )The Threshold Centre in Dorset is one of UK ‘s first co-housing sustainable life strategies developed in 2008. The Centre takes the thought of green life to another degree. The purpose is to cut down C emanations by altering the manner people live in order to populate in harmoniousness with the environment. ( Lane, 2010, [ online ] ) The followers are some of the green thoughts incorporated into the physique: Electricity such as lighting and airing is derived from Solar panels Heating and hot H2O is provided by a zero emanation Biomass boiler system The ‘Green Travel Plan ‘ introduced so occupants can auto portion, therefore cut down pollutions from autos and heighten communal life ethos Residents can turn their ain healthy green goods in the communal gardens Residents portion electrical contraptions such as rinsing machines and deep-freezes which is infinite efficient in the places and cut down energy ingestion. Wide scope of waste can be recycled on-site. The above are merely some of the sustainable methods discussed. The Threshold Centre is a really good illustration of green life and surely interior decorators and developers can larn from this really good illustration. ( The Threshold Centre, 2010, [ online ] )3.2.1 Commercial DevelopmentPresently a new Green development is approaching completion in Manchester at MMU All Saints ( See Fig. 5 below )Fig.4 ( New MMU Business School, 2007, [ online ] )The concern school is a alone construct and the undermentioned methods are merely some of the Green rules incorporated into the physique: The edifice is supported by three towers which reside under a individual glass roof, which lets in natural visible radiation. Land beginning heating pumps along with big Solar panels will bring forth power for the edifice. The diamond shaped edifice has Windowss which are glazed so that colorss and forms of the glass invariably change throughout the twenty-four hours. A rainwater reaping system has been setup to feed H2O into the chief edifice H2O supply ( see Fig 6 below )Fig 5. ( MMU Business School Rainwater Harvesting System, [ Online ] )Three illustrations discussed above are all different but they provide an penetration on what types of undertakings are being developed presents. They are alone but they use the same green methodological analysiss discussed in this study.Chapter 4: Incorporating alterationThe undermentioned chapter discusses what alterations are required to traditional patterns in order to accomplish Government set marks to cut UK ‘s C footmark and the alterations required for the hereafter. The treatment revolves around the undermentioned countries of duty when it comes to planing Green: The Designer Government Policies Partnerships and Collaboration Education4.1 The Interior designerInterior designers have a major function in the edifice building industry as service suppliers. They besides have to understand their wider function which recognises that being a interior decorator is non merely about planing a good merchandise but besides to determine societies in such a manner that reduces or minimises the negative impact of industries on the environment. In order to carry through the challenges set, the interior decorators have to be educated in multi-disciplines sectors such as Architecture and Construction etc. An attack to dedication to continual acquisition and encompassing alteration and patterns is required if they are to run into these challenges. ( Health and Safety Executive, [ n.d. ] , [ online ] )4.2 Government policiesIt has long been recognised that the Government has a function to play in act uponing how we use resources and guaranting a sustainable hereafter. The UK Government has established ethical codifications o f pattern. The Government is under force per unit area to cut down the states carbon footmark of 34 % by 2020. In order to cut down emanations the Government has setup administrations to cover with the issue. The Government is actively advancing green development by offering grants to house proprietors to integrate green engineering and stuffs into their places. The Government late unveiled a green transmutation strategy in Manchester for Britain ‘s places. The strategy is the largest of its sort and the purpose is to offer betterments to places such as better warming systems and pit wall insularity. The lodging association will pay for the cost upfront and so the renter will pay for the cost by the nest eggs they will do throughout the twelvemonth. The strategy will do alterations to 2,500 places within Greater Manchester and hopefully pave the manner for 260,000 places. ( Communities and Local Government, 2011, [ online ] ) The Government is besides integrating Green design rules such as recycling paper waste, pressman ink cartridges, and utilizing effectual energy efficient illuming to cut down energy use in public sector edifices is directing out a positive message to companies and householders likewise. Besides bit by bit more public and private sector administrations are join forcesing with service suppliers that have clear environmental policies that take into history sustainable concern procedures.4.3 Partnerships and coactionAs discussed above, interior decorators need to use new methods and patterns which may take them beyond their current degree of expertness. Interior designers must be cognizant of issues such as the environment and current progresss in the wider processes of green design. They need to maintain in melody with new developments, for illustration by reading up on publications in the field of green design or holding close dealingss to environmental bureaus and consultancy houses. The demand in design to cut down negative environmental impact in a new physique will necessitate close coaction with 3rd parties such as ; building companies, applied scientists, technological experts and local Government governments will be important. ( MacKenzie, 1991, 158-9 ) Lack of multi sector partnerships and coaction in the preliminary phases of undertaking design could take to non run intoing demands and therefore failure to accomplish a green undertaking.4.4 EducationThe National Qualifications Framework ( UK ) sets out degrees for all undergraduate survey. For illustration the architecture capable benchmarks make it clear that environmental issues and sustainable design faculties are to be studied but the art and design faculties cover environmental issues in contextual surveies but do non clearly refer to sustainable design in the course of study. ( Directgov, 2011, [ online ] ) Students need to be taught what impact design and fabrication procedures can hold on the environment and how to follow sustainable design methods. Courses in Design should include the impact of design on the environment. As discussed above multidisciplinary coaction is of import and should be promoted. Students early in their classs should be encouraged to join forces and portion thoughts with pupils on other design, technology and building classs. The pupil needs to develop a wider point of view on how design processes fit into context such as ; societal, economic and political. To achieve an apprehension of these issues a theoretical attack that reaches beyond environmental issues is required. For illustration, The Royal Society of Arts one-year pupil awards ( RSA Directions ) , provide pupils chances to work in multi-disciplinary squads to develop undertakings which are advanced, inquiries current patterns and demonstrate sustainable design methodological analysiss. ( RSA,2010, [ online ] )DecisionGreen Low-cost edifices are designed to run into assorted marks. In order to make this end, different factors must be considered, such as: Using high degrees of insularity Alternative energy use High-performance Windowss. Strongly sealed building Sophisticated warming and chilling system Air conditioning systems Good Ventilation systems. Recycling Energy efficiency should do houses more low-cost by take downing the operating cost for residents. By integrating proper airing systems, the indoor air quality can be improved enormously. The differing types of building stuffs and low care are besides of import. Long permanent organic stuffs are more expensive to buy but the residents will salvage money on energy measures in the long tally. Choosing technological systems and stuffs with the least impact on the environment is the most important consideration in green low-cost edifice. The interior decorator should hold sufficient cognition be able to rede their clients on green design rules and how these new physiques can be energy efficient. Besides the interior decorator should be able to reassign the clients ‘ green demands into world by integrating the latest pioneering sustainable methods and engineering. The methods discussed in this study such as green reclaimable stuffs, solar and air current panels, waste direction systems, and H2O efficient adjustments and contraptions should be considered. A edifice can merely be genuinely sustainable when both the design and building procedure work together in partnership. Both facets of the physique should be carefully planned and detailed by the undertaking designer. The environment and site location are major factors to see when planing in a sustainable procedure. These factors should assist the interior decorator make the right determination on how the current ecology of the country can work in tandem with the new green development. Existing physiques which are largely located in urban countries, the interior decorator should see recycling or recycle on site stuffs where possible and as for the location, the local conveyances construction should be taken into consideration. The assorted parties involved in the whole design procedure such as the interior decorators, builders, local governments and residents need to work together to make a successful green undertaking. Green design thought has to get down in the schoolroom. Education is the key to future green developments and pupils should be taught sustainable methods in order to develop green edifices in the hereafter. Knowledge plays a major function in keeping green edifices, residents should be educated on green life rules and do them gain that what they do straight affects the environment. There are many illustrations of green development in the UK. It seems as though interior decorators are now believing ‘green ‘ and with the debut of new C cutting Torahs, they are left with small pick but to travel green. The study realises that Green design and building can populate alongside traditional lodging units and it seems as though that hereafter edifices are sing green design methodological analysiss and procedures in every facet of both the design and building procedure. Worlds are gaining that old ages of disregard on the environment has to alter and they need to get down populating peacefully with the environment. Hopefully the study shows that green design and building is more than the choice of recycled or organic stuffs and involves a greater scope of concerns. Mass green development is really possible and the chance is at that place to plan and build energy efficient and environmentally friendly places and workplaces which do non compromise design but uncover our human ability to accommodate to alter and continue the natural balance of the beautiful universe.

Talk Show Script

Twenty-five years I'm alive here still Trying to get up that great big hill of hope For a destination I realized quickly when I knew I should That the world was made up of this brotherhood of man For whatever that means And so I cry sometimes When I'm lying in bed Just to get it all out What's in my head And I, I am feeling a little peculiar. And so I wake in the morning And I step outside And I take a deep breath and I get real high And I scream from the top of my lungs What's going on? And I say: HEY! yeah yeaaah, HEY yeah yeaI said hey, what's going on? And I say: HEY! yeah yeaaah, HEY yeah yea I said hey, what's going on? ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh and I try, oh my god do I try I try all the time, in this institution And I pray, oh my god do I pray I pray all sanctity For a revolution. And so I cry sometimes When I'm lying bed Just to get it all out What's in my head And I, I am feeling a little peculiar And so I wake in the morning And I step outside A nd I take a deep breath and I get real high And I scream from the top of my lungs What's going on?And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh ooooooooooooooooh Twenty-five years I'm alive here still Trying to get up that great big hill of hope for a destination source:Â  http://www. lyricsondemand. com/onehitwonders/whatsuplyrics. html Stanza 1 Paraphrae of the poem The guy looked so innocent and sincere, so his betrayal was most nexpected as she thought his quiet eyes were signs of love. She sympathised with him as he seemed like he was longing for love and companionship. Stanza 2 She regrets that she had not listened to the advice to be wary of man who like to flirt and who only look for pleasure. She should not have compromised on her principles as well. If she had been more careful, she would not be wondering about his betrayal, how and why it happened as well as how and why she let it happen to her.Stanza 3 Here is an advice to young girls out there. Make sure that being nice to another person means to be pleasant, friendly and kind. One need not be intimate with someone else in order to be considered a nice person. Take heed of this advice and one will not be taken advantage of, although one may fall in love more than once. Elements of the poem Theme The main theme of the poem is the exploration of human feelings through the sharing of the experiences.The pesona has gone through a bad experience of being betrayed in love and her experience is being related by the author. At the same time, the author is also giving advice on how to avoid getting into the same predicament as the pesona. Another theme in the poem is the betrayal of a young girl’s love. She had believed that the man was sincere as he was able to fool her with his ‘quiet eyes ’. As a result, she gave her love wholeheartedly to him, only to find out later that he had ulterior motives.Deception is also a theme in the poem. The man had deceptive eyes, but the girl was so infatuated with him that she did not realize his hidden agendas. The man was only interested in getting into bed with her and nothing else. The poem also revolves around the theme of meaningful relationships. The author advises young women to be careful when starting a relationship. They should make sure that the relationship is based on true love and not merely physical attraction.

moderization essays

moderization essays After 1500 there were many signs that a new age of world history was beginning, for example the discovery of America and the first European enterprises in Africa. This "new age" was dominated by the astonishing success of one civilization among many, that of Europe. There was more and more continuous interconnection between events in all countries, but it is to be explained by European efforts. Europeans eventually became "masters of the globe" and they used their mastery to make the world one. That resulted in a unity of world history that can be detected until today. Politics, empire-building, and military expansion were only a tiny part of what was going on. Besides the economic integration of the globe there was a much more important process going on: The spreading of assumptions and ideas. The result was to be "One World." The age of independent The history of the centuries since 1500 can be described as a series of wars and violent struggles. Obviously men in different countries did not like another much more than their predecessors did. However, they were much more alike than their ancestors were, which was an outcome of what we now call modernization. One could also say that the world was Europeanized, for modernization was a matter of ideas and techniques which have an European origin. It was with the modernization of Europe that the unification of world history began. A great change in Europe was the starting-point of modern history. There was a continuing economic predominance of agriculture. Agricultural progress increasingly took two main forms: Orientation towards the market, and technical innovation. They were interconnected. A large population in the neighborhood meant a market and therefore an incentive. Even in the fifteenth century the inhabitants of so called  ³low countries ² were already ...

8 Powerful Reasons Why Nursing Isnt for Everyone

8 Powerful Reasons Why Nursing Isnt for Everyone Nurses are so often taken for granted as â€Å"just† the people assisting the real doctors in their work. But nursing is actually an incredibly difficult and taxing job, one filled with quiet heroes. Here are just 8  of the many reasons why nursing attracts the toughest and most dedicated people to the profession. 1. It’s a matter of life and death.As a nurse, you literally (and routinely) hold people’s lives in your hands. How many other jobs have that same awesome responsibility?2. You need endless knowledge.There are so very many medical terms you must be familiar with to be a nurse. And it’s not just the terminology. You also have to hold an enormous amount of information in your head, or risk dangerous consequences: doctors’ orders, patients vitals and other data, etc. You also have to keep up with trends, do continuing education, and push yourself to keep learning so you don’t fall behind the cutting edge.3.  You are surrounded by p eople in their lowest moments.It’s unbelievably difficult to watch another human being suffer- let alone pass away. You may think nurses get used to both these things; they don’t. They become very adept at doing their job in the face of suffering and loss, but that doesn’t mean a nurse isn’t affected.4. You come last.As a nurse, you have to put almost everyone’s needs before your own: doctors, patients, even putting your job ahead of your family time when your schedule requires. You have to smile, be endlessly patient, be empathetic, but take care not to get too attached. You might even have to eat breakfast while commuting- because it might just be the only meal you get all day.5. You don’t get paid enough.Even though nursing is a field in which it’s always possible to take on extra shifts or opportunities, you probably are not getting compensated at a truly fair rate for all you do. You don’t get holidays. You miss out on lot s of your family and social life opportunities, particularly when things run late or you’re on call. A lot of hospitals are also now cutting back on hiring and instead having their nurses work extra overtime. It can be pretty thankless!6.  You rarely get the respect you deserve.As a nurse, particularly since it’s a predominantly female profession, you get less respect than you deserve. Nursing is constantly devalued compared to more predominantly male professions. You do a huge share of the work in the care situation, and get almost none of the credit. And you have to be caring and compassionate in the face of occasional maltreatment, disrespect, and outright rudeness.7.  It’s very strenuous.The taxing hours worked, the being on your feet constantly, all these things add up to being sore and tired almost all of the time. Nurses also do a huge amount of heavy lifting and often develop back problems.8. Everyone’s a patient.As a nurse, you’re guar anteed to be bombarded with texts and photos of all your friends’ and family’s ailments asking you for free medical advice. It will be difficult to figure out where to draw the line in your off hours.Don’t be discouraged, though- nursing is a profession that needs heroes, and if you’re drawn to it, you can change lives. The good outweighs the bad, if you’re willing to muddle through it to get to the rewarding parts!

Free English Essay

Free English Essay Free English Essay Free English Essay Reading free English essay you should always keep in mind that there are thousands of others reading the same free English essay at the moment.   In other words, it would be very unwise to use free English essay as your own writing.   If you need help with writing, we are available 24/7 to help you with any English essay assignment.   Our writers are educated and experienced enough to satisfy the most demanding clients! is your chance to get As on all assignments! Free English Essay Sample The chief phenomenon is Jules Verne, whose long list of scientific romances sprang from a serious effort to anticipate the technological applications of the sciences currently in full development. Submarines, airships of several patterns, countless mechanical devices, are suggested and utilized in his novels, in such profusion that these books in turn are known to have influenced the scientific vocations of many young men, among them Simon Lake and Georges Claude, and the navigators Charcot and Bernard Franck. As do most of his contemporaries, Verne writes in positivist terms; the fantastic element is only apparent, a more advanced engineering, using the principles and tools of his own day rather than the marvellous and irrational inventions of a Cyrano de Bergerac. But neither the society nor the technology anticipated by his creative writing corresponds to the world as we know it today; for all its inventive fertility, its technological ferment, Verne's mind could not foresee such an innovation as the internal combustion motor, or imagine such problems as those imposed on the aviator by weather and atmospheric conditions. Twentieth-century science is stranger than nineteenth-century fiction; Verne remains well within the bounds of scientific possibilities, and no longer surprises his readers with his extrapolations. Paradoxically enough, it is this very restraint that has prevented Verne from becoming recognized as a serious literary figure. Reticence may be a scientific virtue, it is not always a literary one, and a generation that delighted in highly seasoned literature relegated Verne's books to the popular and schoolboy level, with disastrous results as far as his style and general literary quality were concerned. Science penetrates literature by becoming literary, less pedantically technical, more attentive to the broader implications, and less insistent on the scrupulosities of laboratory techniques. Biological determinism in the Zola manner ends by being dull; the hypothesis precludes effective dramatic struggle, and the full use of creative imagination. The fine balance the effective novelist must maintain between an increasing understanding of the conditions that govern the phenomena of living, and the part played, per contra, by unpredictable individual impulse, is essentially the sour ce of dramatic conflict, and the human basis of all interest in literature. From this point of view, science, as used by most conventional authors, even by the professed naturalists, is merely an extension of "common sense," the general knowledge, or in some cases the mental and moral philosophy, of an earlier generation. Custom English Essay Writing Undoubtedly, free English essay is good as a source of information or inspiration. However, I do not recommend copy/paste for the reasons you are perfectly aware of. If you need professional writing help, do not hesitate to use our writing services.   We do not ignore your requests and we guarantee delivery!

Product, Pricing, Channel, Promotional Strategies Essay

Product, Pricing, Channel, Promotional Strategies - Essay Example Considering the expenditure effect, consumers tend to choose alternative options if they feel the price is high and unaffordable.   Soft drinks are usually priced on similar lines, unlike healthcare products. Consumers unwilling to spend more money on healthcare products, which are occasional requirements and are often unplanned in their expenditure, tend to consider price before choosing the product. Considering the shared-cost effect, consumers look for external financial help to buy specific product, especially health care product, through insurance and other means.   When they can aid their health care expenses through insurance, they do not feel the pressure of high pricing. The Price-Quality effect plays a major role in choosing specific pharmaceutical products as it is associated with their psychology.   If consumers had earlier had good experience with certain medicines, then fluctuating or increased price will not be a deciding factor in purchasing the same product onc e again. Unique value effect that consumers experience with some treatments or medicines make the consumers less sensitive to products price because the differentiating value of the products become more important.   Most consumers prefer their health and well being to price or expenditure, when in grave need for betterment of health. Channels of different lengths and intensities may be used to reach maximum consumers and obtain large market share.   For instance, intensive channels are formed by including all possible intermediaries like agents, wholesalers, retailers, distributors etc. Whereas, exclusive channels are formed by including only one intermediary.   Intensive channels are best suitable for marketing convenience products such as soft drinks, groceries etc.   Few selective channels are used, such as only wholesalers or distributors, when reaching out to multiple retail outlets for products that consumers pay more attention before buying. Consumers tend to search f or information before buying these products.   Sales of such products are lesser than convenience products, hence including lesser intermediaries would be the best option for such products. Exclusive channels are used to market products that are highly priced; such channels are restricted to exclusive retailer in the market. Specialty products that are expensive and infrequently purchased are limited to exclusive retailers or show-rooms, and are provided sufficient after sales support.   For example, specific automobiles are available only through exclusive retailers. Unsought products are usually marketed by the company or through single channels such as contracted marketers.   These products are relatively new and are unknown to the consumers.   Hence, the company takes the responsibility of bringing the product into the market before trusting it to third-party channels.

Quantitative Methods database assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quantitative Methods database - Assignment Example Data regarding the hotels were collected from 144 hotels found in these 3 cities and namely 45 hotels from Edinburgh, 54 hotels from London and 45 hotels from Manchester. The information collected were star rating status, review scores, existing price of property, provision of swimming pool, Wi-Fi and whether it is charged. The analysis was based on: The statistical analysis done were the t tests and the ANOVAs to find out whether the p value is les than 0.05 which will mean there is a significant difference between the observations(price) based on locality or other variables and if p value is greater than 0.05 such observed difference will not be considered significant(Warne,2012). Further regression analysis was done to find out how the variables are related to pricing and how they influence price (Wessa, 2014). The sign convention of the coefficients in the equation will indicate whether the particular variable positively or negatively correlates with pricing strategy. Fig 1: The above table and figure reflects the number of hotels in different localities. London has more 4 star and 5 star hotels compared to Edinburgh and Manchester. While 0 star, 1 star and 2 star and 3 star hotels are more in Edinburgh and Manchester compared to London. Fig 8: The above figure reflects the comparison of average price of different star rated hotels in all 3 cities. It reflects London hotels has highest value for the rooms in 2 star, 3 star, 4 star or 5 tar properties compared to similar properties in Manchester or Edinburgh. Two star hotels are significantly priced more in Manchester than Edinburgh (p0.05). In the equation Pri means room price, Sta means star ratings, Rsc means review scores, WiC means wifi charged, FiC means fitness centre, Loc means locality, Dummy variables was assigned to WiC ( if

Marketing Channels and Logistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Channels and Logistics - Coursework Example Supply chain management is an important business operation function that helps an organization to maintain efficiency in the resource allocation, manufacturing, processing, procurement, logistics, delivery and returning (Rushton, Oxley and Croucher, 2010, p.34). Overall business performance of an organization highly depends upon the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain network of an organization. Recently, the global organizations are trying to maintain sustainability in their supply chain management process. Implementation of green strategy in the supply chain management process helps an organization to maintain sustainability in the business operation process and offer products and services according to the market demand and needs of target customers. The study will consider the supply chain management process of Tesco Plc. Tesco is one of the leading UK based multinational retail chains that has the strong presence in several emerging global marketplaces. The organizat ion is considered as one of the leading players within the global; retail chain industry due to profitability and high employment generation. Tesco implemented several green and sustainable operational strategies in the supply chain management process in order to maintain its leading position in the marketplace. The study will analyze the principles of environmental and social sustainability that are adopted by Tesco in its business operation process. Supply Chain Activities of Tesco Tesco is the most prestigious organization among the stakeholders, employees, government of the country and customers or several business clients as the organization always tries to follow and maintain corporate values in several business operations. It is true that Tesco is one of the leading organizations within the global retail chai9n industry. Major objective of the organization is to maximize business profit by ensuring the sustainability of entire community and society. It is highly important for an organization to maintain effective sustainability in the supply chain management system as the governments of several countries have introduced various strict policies and regulations for the organizations. Tesco highly believes in centralized distribution process (Emmett and Sood, 2010, p.95). This centralized distribution process helps the organization to keep entire control of overall supply chain management performances. In addition to this, strong discipline and maintenance of high supply chain value helps the management of Tesco to ensure the sustainability in entire supply chain management process. The organization heavily relies on the innovation and core value of customers in the supply chain management. This sustainable business operation processes and high efficiency across the entire supply chain network in this world helped the organization to attain 100 percent efficiency level. The above figure is the overall sustainability performance of several leading global re tail chains.

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the Dissertation

Ehnancing level of engagement with performance with data in the allocation and use of Seychelles - would an integrated VFM code - Dissertation Example This culminated to extremely high debt ratios for this nation. Nonetheless, the government needs reforms in the public sector to curb the current problems it is facing. Reforms have been adopted in the various sectors and progress being followed by major bodies like the World Bank and UN Human Development. The allocation and use of resources in this nation shows a huge gap as compared to large nations. Russian being one of them has had adoption of better allocation of resources and aiding institutions develop performance indicators and institutionalize these in budget formulation (Diamond & IMF, 2005, 22). This exacerbates the dire need for evaluating value for money in government spending and finding insights in to areas that the VFM code is lacking and should be integrated. Analysis of the interview 1. VFM processes that are in use and how can they be enhanced through the adoption of a more integrated VFM based approach 67% of the respondents have outlined VFM practices in Educatio n sector. However, there is need to have monitoring unit and review process. 33% of the respondent stated that VFM and performance budgeting will be introduced in 2015. 33% of the interviewee have expressed that VFM is in use in the Auditor’s general office in Seychelles. The reduced number of staff however, is hindering the optimal function of this department. 2. VFM be integration into decision making and resource allocation cycles A SMART analysis is recommended by 33% of the respondent to be used in introducing performance budgets in the budget process. 100% of the respondents state that there is need to have a public monitoring unit or a reviewing body to review budget spending. 33% state that a specific department should be set aside for this purpose only. 3. Feasibility and desirability of the VFM model adaptation in Seychelles 100% response indicate that the integration of this model is a costly agenda but with time it will be fully inducted i.e. 2015. The need for a VFM code is highly vital as expressed by 100% of the respondents. 4. Challenges likely to be encountered and the scope for changes in this direction Ineffective monitoring and implementation unit Lack of good administration in analysis projects Cultural impact – acceptance and gradual change Funding for Research and implementation of the Model in full Bulk budget allocation 100% indicate that there is need to do thorough research in countries that have integrated VFM successfully. There will be gradual implementation of the model by 2015. 5. Form of an integrated VFM code for Seychelles The modest methods recommended are Cost benefit analysis; the 3e’s analysis and the trend analysis deferred form the confidence levels. However, the respondents do not have a clear method to be used. However, there are insights into doing research work in countries that have implemented VFM models successfully. Enhancing levels of engagement with performance data policy Definition of Va lue for Money Code Value for money’ is a term that is used to show an explicit commitment to enabling the best results possible are achieved from the money spent. In the UK Government, VFM has been used to depict a concern for more transparency and accountability in spending

Walmart -Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart -Planning - Essay Example Overview of planning Planning is considered to be the first step in doing anything. Planning comprises of a scheduled set of activities and tasks which are pre-defined and resources, cost, material, labor and time is also determined in advance for every activity in the planning process. Without planning, there is no set route to follow and everything goes haywire. Chances of discrepancies, inadequacies, risks and gaps increase in the absence of planning process. Planning can take the form of short or long term planning. In the former case, planning is not much in-depth and focuses on achieving short term monetary benefits. Long term planning is meant to gain strategic advantage because all other elements of managing, controlling and organizing are then aligned with that of strategic planning to fulfill desired goals. Wal-Mart’s vision and mission Wal-Mart’s successful operations are attributed to its cost leadership strategy which has always been focused on its customer (Center for Applied Research 2005). While its vision/mission statement goes as "Wal-Mart’s mission is to help people save money so they can live better†, its stores slogans also compliment its vision and mission statement which run as "Wal-Mart. Always low price. Always." Thus, cost effectiveness and providing products and services at rock bottom prices stand at the core of any planning or managing process at Wal-Mart. Planning at Wal-Mart is a mix of both strategic and day-to-day planning. When we talk of strategic goals, it refer to supplier selection, optimizing on technological inputs, use of automation techniques, software and other decisions which provide a competitive edge to it. Daily routine planning involves inventory control and management, quality control, distribution systems, et cetera (Goodstein, Nolan & Pfeiffer 1993, p.131). Application of planning process within Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is considered as a value driven company and this value addition is attri buted to its strategic planning in operational, tactical and contingency categories. It has always decided in advance where it wants to go, how and which activities to focus upon to achieve desired objectives. Wal-Mart’s planning process spans across all of its functions namely store management, finance, human resources, operations, information technology and strategic management. On tactical front, it has always devised plans and means on how to attract customers and stick to its low cost proposition. This is what gives way to its EDLP (Every Day Low Pricing) strategy. In operations side also, Wal-Mart exercises collaborative planning and forecasting relationship (CPFR) with that of its suppliers as it believes that involvement of suppliers in critical decisions helps reduce costs and improve quality. This way, it is able to extract synergies from that of its partners and develop long term relations with them. From financial perspective, separate committee is formed comprisi ng of 3-4 members who meet regularly and discuss issues pertaining to the capital structure, financial status, global policies, acquisitions, investments and annual financing plans. Within strategic planning, the committee also analyzes the basic goals to be achieved and in this respect, reviews its relations with investors, stakeholders, banks, financial institutions and others. Regular monitoring and check on its dividend policy and annual budgeting process enables undeviated implementation of set plans